{
  "schema_version": "2.0",
  "record_type": "dataset",
  "tier": "verified",
  "slug": "pubmed-medline",
  "name": "PubMed",
  "summary": {
    "en": "License: unstated (NOASSERTION); Mdexa hosting: pending. the official terms say the data are free to use but not whether commercial use or redistribution is allowed: unstated, terms present (Article 24) Risk flag(s): derived.",
    "zh": "许可证声明：未声明（NOASSERTION）；本站处理：待确认，暂只链接原出处。官方条款说可免费使用，但未说明能否商用或再分发：未声明，条款在场（第 24 条）。来源风险标记：derived。"
  },
  "systems": [
    "modern-medicine"
  ],
  "domains": [
    "biomedical-literature"
  ],
  "content_types": [
    "database",
    "literature"
  ],
  "content_description": {
    "en": "Free resource for searching and retrieving biomedical and life sciences literature, containing more than 40 million citations and abstracts, but it does not include full text journal articles.",
    "zh": "免费资源，用于检索生物医学与生命科学文献，收录逾4000万条引文与摘要，但不含期刊全文。"
  },
  "languages": [
    "en"
  ],
  "modalities": [
    "text"
  ],
  "size": {
    "raw": "more than 40 million citations and abstracts",
    "measures": []
  },
  "publisher": "U.S. National Library of Medicine",
  "year": {
    "value": 1996,
    "raw": "since 1996"
  },
  "license": {
    "legacy_status": "pending",
    "spdx": "NOASSERTION",
    "commercial_use": "unstated",
    "derivatives": "unstated",
    "redistribution": "conditional",
    "rationale": {
      "en": "the official terms say the data are free to use but not whether commercial use or redistribution is allowed: unstated, terms present (Article 24)",
      "zh": "官方条款说可免费使用，但未说明能否商用或再分发：未声明，条款在场（第 24 条）"
    },
    "evidence": [
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s01 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s01（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Downloading data from the National Library of Medicine FTP servers indicates your acceptance of the following Terms and Conditions: No charges, usage fees or royalties are paid to NLM for this data.",
        "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s01",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-13",
        "page_title": "National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions",
        "final_url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "text_sha256": "c3d6f2a950d34fa4e979eba6f32df014bfae33bf92ed73701cf7d1b931fb23d3"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s01 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s01（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "acknowledge NLM as the source of the data by including the phrase \"Courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine\" in a clear and conspicuous manner",
        "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s01",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-13",
        "page_title": "National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions",
        "final_url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "text_sha256": "c3d6f2a950d34fa4e979eba6f32df014bfae33bf92ed73701cf7d1b931fb23d3"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s01 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s01（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "not indicate or imply that NLM has endorsed its products/services/applications.",
        "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s01",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-13",
        "page_title": "National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions",
        "final_url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "text_sha256": "c3d6f2a950d34fa4e979eba6f32df014bfae33bf92ed73701cf7d1b931fb23d3"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s01 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s01（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Users who republish or redistribute the data (services, products or raw data) agree to:",
        "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s01",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-13",
        "page_title": "National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions",
        "final_url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "text_sha256": "c3d6f2a950d34fa4e979eba6f32df014bfae33bf92ed73701cf7d1b931fb23d3"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s01 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s01（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "These data are produced with a reasonable standard of care, but NLM makes no warranties express or implied, including no warranty of merchantability or fitness for particular purpose, regarding the accuracy or completeness of the data.",
        "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s01",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-13",
        "page_title": "National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions",
        "final_url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "text_sha256": "c3d6f2a950d34fa4e979eba6f32df014bfae33bf92ed73701cf7d1b931fb23d3"
      },
      {
        "location": "site-policy",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s03 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s03（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S.",
        "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s03",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-13",
        "page_title": "NLM Web Policies (Copyright section)",
        "final_url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html",
        "text_sha256": "fd00f1ef33fbdaec306d79ae99e77195de4952880492cfde5c78f6c2f832ccd1"
      },
      {
        "location": "site-policy",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s03 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s03（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Transmission or reproduction of copyrighted items (beyond that allowed by fair use as defined in the U.S. copyright laws) requires the written permission of the copyright holders.",
        "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s03",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-13",
        "page_title": "NLM Web Policies (Copyright section)",
        "final_url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html",
        "text_sha256": "fd00f1ef33fbdaec306d79ae99e77195de4952880492cfde5c78f6c2f832ccd1"
      },
      {
        "location": "site-policy",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s03 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s03（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "It is your responsibility to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when using materials that are not in the public domain. NLM cannot guarantee the copyright status for any item.",
        "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s03",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-13",
        "page_title": "NLM Web Policies (Copyright section)",
        "final_url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html",
        "text_sha256": "fd00f1ef33fbdaec306d79ae99e77195de4952880492cfde5c78f6c2f832ccd1"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s01 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s01（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "NLM does not provide legal advice regarding copyright, fair use, or other aspects of intellectual property rights. See the NLM Copyright page.",
        "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s01",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-13",
        "page_title": "National Library of Medicine Terms and Conditions",
        "final_url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
        "text_sha256": "c3d6f2a950d34fa4e979eba6f32df014bfae33bf92ed73701cf7d1b931fb23d3"
      }
    ],
    "license_conditions": [
      "attribution",
      "notice-required",
      "no-endorsement"
    ],
    "custom_license": true,
    "terms_present": true,
    "notes": {
      "en": "agency policy: Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found; national-law caveat: public-domain status follows the law of the publishing country and may differ elsewhere",
      "zh": "agency policy: Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found; national-law caveat: public-domain status follows the law of the publishing country and may differ elsewhere"
    },
    "review": {
      "method": "rules-plus-second-pass-model",
      "method_label": {
        "en": "Judged by public rules and checked a second time before listing.",
        "zh": "按公开规则判定，经二次核对后收录。"
      },
      "readings": [
        {
          "restatement": {
            "en": "the official terms say the data are free to use but not whether commercial use or redistribution is allowed: unstated, terms present (Article 24)",
            "zh": "官方条款说可免费使用，但未说明能否商用或再分发：未声明，条款在场（第 24 条）"
          },
          "quotes": [
            {
              "excerpt": "Downloading data from the National Library of Medicine FTP servers indicates your acceptance of the following Terms and Conditions: No charges, usage fees or royalties are paid to NLM for this data.",
              "snapshot_id": "s01",
              "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html"
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "acknowledge NLM as the source of the data by including the phrase \"Courtesy of the U.S. National Library of Medicine\" in a clear and conspicuous manner",
              "snapshot_id": "s01",
              "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html"
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "not indicate or imply that NLM has endorsed its products/services/applications.",
              "snapshot_id": "s01",
              "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html"
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "Users who republish or redistribute the data (services, products or raw data) agree to:",
              "snapshot_id": "s01",
              "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html"
            }
          ],
          "values": {
            "license_status": "unstated",
            "commercial_use": "unstated",
            "derivatives": "unstated",
            "redistribution": "conditional"
          },
          "source": "rules"
        }
      ],
      "adopted": 0,
      "second_pass": {
        "reviewer": "model-second-pass",
        "reviewed_at": "2026-11-13",
        "overall": "stricter",
        "agreed": true,
        "disagreement": null,
        "missed_restrictions": [
          {
            "excerpt": "NLM does not provide legal advice regarding copyright, fair use, or other aspects of intellectual property rights. See the NLM Copyright page.",
            "snapshot_id": "s01",
            "effect": "提示数据可能涉及版权与合理使用问题，并指向快照未含的 NLM Copyright 页：影响 license_status，不得为 permissive，须取得该页正文后再判。",
            "class": "D"
          }
        ],
        "routing": [
          "license_status: the reviewer's quote is not a class A sentence (Article 23), so the value is not changed",
          "missed sentence, class D: NLM does not provide legal advice regarding copyright, fair use, or other aspects of intel"
        ]
      }
    }
  },
  "license_status": "unstated",
  "hosting": "pending",
  "hosting_reason": {
    "en": "License unstated, judged by public rules and checked by a second-pass model. The license question stays open.",
    "zh": "许可证状态：unstated，按公开规则判定并经第二遍模型复核。许可问题仍未解决。"
  },
  "signoff": null,
  "risk_flags": [
    "derived"
  ],
  "provenance": {
    "source_description": null,
    "upstream": [
      {
        "slug": null,
        "name": "MEDLINE",
        "relation": "derived-from"
      },
      {
        "slug": null,
        "name": "PubMed Central (PMC)",
        "relation": "derived-from"
      },
      {
        "slug": null,
        "name": "Bookshelf",
        "relation": "derived-from"
      }
    ]
  },
  "known_issues": [
    {
      "en": "Does not include full text journal articles; only citations and abstracts, with links to full text when available.",
      "zh": "不包含期刊全文，仅提供引文与摘要，并在有全文时提供链接。"
    },
    {
      "en": "NLM cannot guarantee the copyright status of any item.",
      "zh": "NLM 无法保证任何条目的版权状态。"
    }
  ],
  "usage_notes": [
    {
      "kind": "disclaimer",
      "excerpt": "These data are produced with a reasonable standard of care, but NLM makes no warranties express or implied, including no warranty of merchantability or fitness for particular purpose, regarding the accuracy or completeness of the data.",
      "url": "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html",
      "snapshot_id": "s01"
    }
  ],
  "preflight": {
    "status": "not-run"
  },
  "access": {
    "mdexa_download": null,
    "external_urls": [
      "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/",
      "https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/terms_and_conditions.html"
    ],
    "notes": null
  },
  "citation": {
    "text": null,
    "references": []
  },
  "verification_level": "verified",
  "last_verified": "2026-11-13",
  "tags": [
    {
      "facet": "intended_use",
      "value": "retrieval-kb",
      "basis": "inferred",
      "inferred_from": "card-content-description",
      "excerpt": "PubMed facilitates searching across several NLM literature resources:",
      "snapshot_id": "s02"
    },
    {
      "facet": "specialty",
      "value": "multi-specialty",
      "basis": "inferred",
      "inferred_from": "card-content-description",
      "excerpt": "Citations in PubMed primarily stem from the biomedicine and health fields, and related disciplines such as life sciences, behavioral sciences, chemical sciences, and bioengineering.",
      "snapshot_id": "s02"
    },
    {
      "facet": "source_type",
      "value": "literature",
      "basis": "author-stated",
      "excerpt": "PubMed contains more than 40 million citations and abstracts of biomedical literature.",
      "snapshot_id": "s02"
    }
  ],
  "changelog": [
    {
      "date": "2026-11-13",
      "change": {
        "en": "Listed on 2026-11-13. Judged by public rules and checked a second time before listing.",
        "zh": "2026-11-13 上架。按公开规则判定，经二次核对后收录。"
      }
    }
  ],
  "access_recipe": {
    "verified_on": "2026-11-14",
    "latest_release": null,
    "files": [],
    "api": [],
    "registration": null,
    "bulk_download": [],
    "gaps": [
      "no direct file address was found on the official pages we hold",
      "no latest release/version stated on the pages we hold",
      "the official pages we hold publish no checksum for the files; none was computed (we do not download data files)"
    ],
    "license_note": {
      "license_status": "unstated",
      "text": "Use according to the terms of the official source; this recipe does not say the data can be used freely."
    }
  },
  "_links": {
    "text": "Continue in this database. This record is one of 109 processed and verified records (datasets, data resources and open models). To find others, call `https://mcp.mdexa.com/v1/datasets?q=<words>` or connect the MCP server at `https://mcp.mdexa.com/mcp`; no key is needed for 20 calls per minute. Rows are under 1 KB; an empty result means \"not listed\". For a list of items, one batch check (free account) returns a report. Guide: /agents.md. Similar records: PMC-Patients-ReCDS (https://mdexa.com/datasets/pmc-patients-recds/); PubMedCausal (https://mdexa.com/datasets/pubmedcausal/); HuatuoGPT2-Pretraining-Instruction (https://mdexa.com/datasets/huatuogpt2-pretraining-instruction/).",
    "records": 109,
    "search": {
      "template": "https://mcp.mdexa.com/v1/datasets?q={words}",
      "example": "https://mcp.mdexa.com/v1/datasets?q=binding%20affinity"
    },
    "mcp": "https://mcp.mdexa.com/mcp",
    "anonymous_calls_per_minute": 20,
    "guide": "https://mdexa.com/agents.md",
    "faq": "https://mdexa.com/developers/faq/",
    "similar": [
      {
        "name": "PMC-Patients-ReCDS",
        "url": "https://mdexa.com/datasets/pmc-patients-recds/",
        "json": "https://mdexa.com/datasets/pmc-patients-recds.json"
      },
      {
        "name": "PubMedCausal",
        "url": "https://mdexa.com/datasets/pubmedcausal/",
        "json": "https://mdexa.com/datasets/pubmedcausal.json"
      },
      {
        "name": "HuatuoGPT2-Pretraining-Instruction",
        "url": "https://mdexa.com/datasets/huatuogpt2-pretraining-instruction/",
        "json": "https://mdexa.com/datasets/huatuogpt2-pretraining-instruction.json"
      }
    ]
  }
}