{
  "schema_version": "2.0",
  "record_type": "dataset",
  "tier": "verified",
  "slug": "geo",
  "name": "GEO",
  "summary": {
    "en": "License: unstated (NOASSERTION); Mdexa hosting: pending. Second pass: redistribution: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示对分发不设限制（no restrictions on the ... distribution），再分发被明确涉及且为许可；提交者权利主张为丙类不降级。按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。",
    "zh": "许可证声明：未声明（NOASSERTION）；本站处理：待确认，暂只链接原出处。第二遍复核：redistribution: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示对分发不设限制（no restrictions on the ... distribution），再分发被明确涉及且为许可；提交者权利主张为丙类不降级。按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。。"
  },
  "systems": [
    "modern-medicine"
  ],
  "domains": [
    "genomics-omics"
  ],
  "content_types": [
    "database"
  ],
  "content_description": {
    "en": "The GEO database is designed to provide and encourage access within the scientific community to the most up to date and comprehensive gene expression and hybridization array data.",
    "zh": "GEO数据库旨在为科学界提供并鼓励获取最新、全面的基因表达和杂交阵列数据。"
  },
  "languages": [
    "en"
  ],
  "modalities": [
    "text"
  ],
  "size": {
    "raw": null,
    "measures": []
  },
  "publisher": "NCBI",
  "year": {
    "value": null,
    "raw": null
  },
  "license": {
    "legacy_status": "pending",
    "spdx": "NOASSERTION",
    "commercial_use": "unstated",
    "derivatives": "unstated",
    "redistribution": "yes",
    "rationale": {
      "en": "the official terms say the data are free to use but not whether commercial use or redistribution is allowed: unstated, terms present (Article 24) Some submitters may claim patent, copyright or other rights in part of the data: check the exceptions before use.",
      "zh": "官方条款说可免费使用，但未说明能否商用或再分发：未声明，条款在场（第 24 条）部分提交者可能对其提交的数据主张专利、版权或其他权利：使用前核对例外。"
    },
    "evidence": [
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s04 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s04（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Therefore, NCBI places no restrictions on the use or distribution of the GEO data.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s04",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "GEO Disclaimer - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "text_sha256": "857663a9658eb2115a979befec522db37582ac7d685ebea068b775cc28666156"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s04 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s04（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "However, some submitters may claim patent, copyright, or other intellectual property rights in all or a portion of the data they have submitted.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s04",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "GEO Disclaimer - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "text_sha256": "857663a9658eb2115a979befec522db37582ac7d685ebea068b775cc28666156"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s04 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s04（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "NCBI is not in a position to assess the validity of such claims, and therefore cannot provide comment or unrestricted permission concerning the use, copying, or distribution of the information contained in GEO.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s04",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "GEO Disclaimer - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "text_sha256": "857663a9658eb2115a979befec522db37582ac7d685ebea068b775cc28666156"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s04 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s04（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Unless otherwise stated, documents and files on NCBI Web servers may be freely downloaded and reproduced.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s04",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "GEO Disclaimer - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "text_sha256": "857663a9658eb2115a979befec522db37582ac7d685ebea068b775cc28666156"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s04 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s04（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "However, some material on this site, such as abstracts, may be copyright protected under the U.S. and foreign copyright laws.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s04",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "GEO Disclaimer - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "text_sha256": "857663a9658eb2115a979befec522db37582ac7d685ebea068b775cc28666156"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s04 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s04（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "For such material, the submitting authors or publishers retain all rights for reproduction or redistribution.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s04",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "GEO Disclaimer - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "text_sha256": "857663a9658eb2115a979befec522db37582ac7d685ebea068b775cc28666156"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s04 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s04（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Permission to reproduce these documents may be required.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s04",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "GEO Disclaimer - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "text_sha256": "857663a9658eb2115a979befec522db37582ac7d685ebea068b775cc28666156"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s04 (terms-page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s04（terms-page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "All persons reproducing, redistributing, or making commercial use of this information are expected to adhere to the terms and conditions asserted by the copyright holder.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s04",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "GEO Disclaimer - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
        "text_sha256": "857663a9658eb2115a979befec522db37582ac7d685ebea068b775cc28666156"
      },
      {
        "location": "dataset-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s07 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s07（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "All GEO records and raw data files are freely available for bulk download from our FTP site.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/download.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s07",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "Download GEO data - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/download.html",
        "text_sha256": "1cbcd1bfffea6639126ab080d9ec9befb7e2e27d79825178f1c64e0f5dc9f33d"
      },
      {
        "location": "dataset-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s07 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s07（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "All GEO DataSet records are freely available for bulk download from our FTP site.",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/download.html",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s07",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "browser-agent",
        "capturer": "browser-agent",
        "captured_at": "2026-11-14",
        "page_title": "Download GEO data - GEO - NCBI",
        "final_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/download.html",
        "text_sha256": "1cbcd1bfffea6639126ab080d9ec9befb7e2e27d79825178f1c64e0f5dc9f33d"
      }
    ],
    "custom_license": true,
    "terms_present": true,
    "review": {
      "method": "rules-plus-second-pass-model",
      "method_label": {
        "en": "Judged by public rules and checked a second time before listing.",
        "zh": "按公开规则判定，经二次核对后收录。"
      },
      "readings": [
        {
          "restatement": {
            "en": "the official terms say the data are free to use but not whether commercial use or redistribution is allowed: unstated, terms present (Article 24)",
            "zh": "官方条款说可免费使用，但未说明能否商用或再分发：未声明，条款在场（第 24 条）"
          },
          "quotes": [
            {
              "excerpt": "Therefore, NCBI places no restrictions on the use or distribution of the GEO data.",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html"
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "However, some submitters may claim patent, copyright, or other intellectual property rights in all or a portion of the data they have submitted.",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html"
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "NCBI is not in a position to assess the validity of such claims, and therefore cannot provide comment or unrestricted permission concerning the use, copying, or distribution of the information contained in GEO.",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html"
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "Unless otherwise stated, documents and files on NCBI Web servers may be freely downloaded and reproduced.",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html"
            }
          ],
          "values": {
            "license_status": "unstated",
            "commercial_use": "unstated",
            "derivatives": "unstated",
            "redistribution": "unstated"
          },
          "source": "rules"
        },
        {
          "restatement": {
            "en": "Second pass: redistribution: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示对分发不设限制（no restrictions on the ... distribution），再分发被明确涉及且为许可；提交者权利主张为丙类不降级。按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。",
            "zh": "第二遍复核：redistribution: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示对分发不设限制（no restrictions on the ... distribution），再分发被明确涉及且为许可；提交者权利主张为丙类不降级。按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。"
          },
          "quotes": [
            {
              "excerpt": "Therefore, NCBI places no restrictions on the use or distribution of the GEO data.",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "url": null
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "However, some submitters may claim patent, copyright, or other intellectual property rights in all or a portion of the data they have submitted.",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "url": null
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "Therefore, NCBI places no restrictions on the use or distribution of the GEO data.",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "url": null
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "Therefore, NCBI places no restrictions on the use or distribution of the GEO data.",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "url": null
            }
          ],
          "values": {
            "license_status": "unstated",
            "commercial_use": "unstated",
            "derivatives": "unstated",
            "redistribution": "yes"
          },
          "source": "second-pass"
        }
      ],
      "adopted": 0,
      "second_pass": {
        "reviewer": "model-second-pass",
        "reviewed_at": "2026-11-14",
        "overall": "looser-explicit",
        "agreed": false,
        "disagreement": {
          "en": "Second pass: redistribution: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示对分发不设限制（no restrictions on the ... distribution），再分发被明确涉及且为许可；提交者权利主张为丙类不降级。按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。",
          "zh": "第二遍复核：redistribution: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示对分发不设限制（no restrictions on the ... distribution），再分发被明确涉及且为许可；提交者权利主张为丙类不降级。按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。"
        },
        "missed_restrictions": [],
        "routing": []
      }
    },
    "third_party_rights_notice": true,
    "check_exceptions": true
  },
  "license_status": "unstated",
  "hosting": "pending",
  "hosting_reason": {
    "en": "License unstated, judged by public rules and checked by a second-pass model. The license question stays open.",
    "zh": "许可证状态：unstated，按公开规则判定并经第二遍模型复核。许可问题仍未解决。"
  },
  "signoff": null,
  "risk_flags": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source_description": null,
    "upstream": []
  },
  "known_issues": [
    {
      "en": "Some parent directories can no longer be accessed using web browsers due to time-out errors.",
      "zh": "由于超时错误，部分父目录已无法通过网页浏览器访问。"
    },
    {
      "en": "NCBI cannot independently verify the validity, quality or biological significance of submitted data.",
      "zh": "NCBI无法独立核实所提交数据的有效性、质量或生物学意义。"
    }
  ],
  "preflight": {
    "status": "not-run"
  },
  "access": {
    "mdexa_download": null,
    "external_urls": [
      "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/",
      "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html"
    ],
    "notes": null
  },
  "citation": {
    "text": null,
    "references": []
  },
  "verification_level": "partially-verified",
  "last_verified": "2026-11-14",
  "tags": [
    {
      "facet": "intended_use",
      "value": "retrieval-kb",
      "basis": "inferred",
      "inferred_from": "card-content-description",
      "excerpt": "Tools and features are provided to facilitate mining and advanced queries, with the aim to assist identification of observations of interest.",
      "snapshot_id": "s04"
    }
  ],
  "changelog": [
    {
      "date": "2026-11-14",
      "change": {
        "en": "Listed on 2026-11-14. Judged by public rules and checked a second time before listing. The two passes disagreed; the stricter reading is carried: Second pass: redistribution: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示对分发不设限制（no restrictions on the ... distribution），再分发被明确涉及且为许可；提交者权利主张为丙类不降级。按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。",
        "zh": "2026-11-14 上架。按公开规则判定，经二次核对后收录。两遍判定不一致，卡上取较严的读法：第二遍复核：redistribution: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示对分发不设限制（no restrictions on the ... distribution），再分发被明确涉及且为许可；提交者权利主张为丙类不降级。按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。"
      }
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-11-14",
      "change": {
        "en": "Some submitters may claim patent, copyright or other rights in part of the data: check the exceptions before use.",
        "zh": "部分提交者可能对其提交的数据主张专利、版权或其他权利：使用前核对例外。"
      }
    }
  ],
  "practical": {
    "content_scope": {
      "entities": [
        {
          "kind": "gene expression and hybridization array data",
          "count": null,
          "count_as_of": null,
          "statement": {
            "text": {
              "en": "The GEO database is designed to provide and encourage access within the scientific community to the most up to date and comprehensive gene expression and hybridization array data.",
              "zh": "GEO 数据库旨在为科学界提供并鼓励获取最新、最全面的基因表达和杂交阵列数据。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "dataset-page",
                "excerpt": "The GEO database is designed to provide and encourage access within the scientific community to the most up to date and comprehensive gene expression and hybridization array data.",
                "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
                "snapshot_id": "s04",
                "char_start": 63,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "browser-agent"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "coverage": [
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The information presented on the GEO web site is based on data submitted by the scientific community.",
            "zh": "GEO 网站上的信息基于科学界提交的数据。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "The information presented on the GEO web site is based on data submitted by the scientific community.",
              "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/disclaimer.html",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "char_start": 1311,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "browser-agent"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "identifiers": {
      "schemes": [
        {
          "name": "GEO accession",
          "bioregistry_prefix": null,
          "applies_to": "GEO records",
          "statement": {
            "text": {
              "en": "A valid GEO accession is in the form gplxxx, gsmxxx or gsexxx.",
              "zh": "有效的 GEO 登录号形式为 gplxxx、gsmxxx 或 gsexxx。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "dataset-page",
                "excerpt": "acc = a valid GEO accession i.e., gplxxx, gsmxxx or gsexxx",
                "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/download.html",
                "snapshot_id": "s07",
                "char_start": 1661,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "browser-agent"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "crosswalks": [],
      "mismatch_cases": []
    },
    "access_methods": [
      {
        "method": "bulk-download",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/download.html",
        "formats": [
          "gz",
          "tgz"
        ],
        "auth": "none",
        "limits": [
          {
            "text": {
              "en": "Some parent directories can no longer be accessed using web browsers due to time-out errors.",
              "zh": "由于超时错误，某些父目录已无法使用网页浏览器访问。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "dataset-page",
                "excerpt": "However, GEO now holds such large numbers of submissions that some parent directories can no longer be accessed using web browsers due to time-out errors.",
                "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/download.html",
                "snapshot_id": "s07",
                "char_start": 420,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "browser-agent"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "terms": {
          "same_as_card_license": true,
          "own_terms": null
        },
        "reachable": null
      },
      {
        "method": "bulk-download",
        "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/info/download.html",
        "formats": [
          "gz"
        ],
        "auth": "none",
        "limits": [
          {
            "text": {
              "en": "Some parent directories can no longer be accessed using web browsers due to time-out errors.",
              "zh": "由于超时错误，某些父目录已无法使用网页浏览器访问。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "dataset-page",
                "excerpt": "However, GEO now holds such large numbers of submissions that some parent directories can no longer be accessed using web browsers due to time-out errors.",
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            "en": "Huang et al. note that elements such as sample source, sex or experimental condition are often missing or inconsistently reported in GEO and SRA.",
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        {
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            "en": "Tools and features are provided to facilitate mining and advanced queries, with the aim of assisting identification of observations of interest.",
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      "reachable_access": 0,
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        },
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          "note": "未找到有出处的说明 / no sourced statement found"
        },
        {
          "field": "versioning.breaking_changes",
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        },
        {
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        {
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          "note": "未找到有出处的说明 / no sourced statement found"
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    "gaps": [
      "no latest release/version stated on the pages we hold",
      "the official pages we hold publish no checksum for the files; none was computed (we do not download data files)"
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    "license_note": {
      "license_status": "unstated",
      "text": "Use according to the terms of the official source; this recipe does not say the data can be used freely."
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    "records": 109,
    "search": {
      "template": "https://mcp.mdexa.com/v1/datasets?q={words}",
      "example": "https://mcp.mdexa.com/v1/datasets?q=%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E4%BA%B2%E5%92%8C%E5%8A%9B"
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    "mcp": "https://mcp.mdexa.com/mcp",
    "anonymous_calls_per_minute": 20,
    "guide": "https://mdexa.com/zh/agents.md",
    "faq": "https://mdexa.com/zh/developers/faq/",
    "similar": [
      {
        "name": "AlphaFold Protein Structure Database",
        "url": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/alphafold-db/",
        "json": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/alphafold-db.json"
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        "url": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/gnomad/",
        "json": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/gnomad.json"
      },
      {
        "name": "ClinPGx/PharmGKB",
        "url": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/pharmgkb/",
        "json": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/pharmgkb.json"
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}