{
  "schema_version": "2.0",
  "record_type": "dataset",
  "tier": "verified",
  "slug": "string",
  "name": "STRING",
  "summary": {
    "en": "License: permissive (CC-BY-4.0); Mdexa hosting: link-only. Second pass: license_status: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 【标准许可误作自定义条款】条款页明写全部数据与下载文件采用 CC BY 4.0，并明说可用于商业用途、可用于 AI 训练、衍生文件可再分发。快照中没有甲类句：\"其他来源的材料仍受原提供方条款约束\"属丙类（设 third_party_rights_notice，不降级，第23条），\"请勿抓取 HTML\"\"限量访问\"属乙类行为义务。按原文应为 permissive（标识 CC-BY-4.0，而非 LicenseRef-STRING-Consortium-terms）；比拟定更宽，按第25条只在原文明示许可时放宽，此处原文明示，交采纳环节放宽，脚本不会自动放宽。 | commercial_use: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示 \"including commercial use\"，唯一条件是署名（乙类）。署名不使商用变成 conditional，按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。",
    "zh": "许可证声明：宽松（CC-BY-4.0）；本站处理：只链接原出处。第二遍复核：license_status: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 【标准许可误作自定义条款】条款页明写全部数据与下载文件采用 CC BY 4.0，并明说可用于商业用途、可用于 AI 训练、衍生文件可再分发。快照中没有甲类句：\"其他来源的材料仍受原提供方条款约束\"属丙类（设 third_party_rights_notice，不降级，第23条），\"请勿抓取 HTML\"\"限量访问\"属乙类行为义务。按原文应为 permissive（标识 CC-BY-4.0，而非 LicenseRef-STRING-Consortium-terms）；比拟定更宽，按第25条只在原文明示许可时放宽，此处原文明示，交采纳环节放宽，脚本不会自动放宽。；commercial_use: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示 \"including commercial use\"，唯一条件是署名（乙类）。署名不使商用变成 conditional，按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。。"
  },
  "systems": [
    "modern-medicine"
  ],
  "domains": [
    "genomics-omics"
  ],
  "content_types": [
    "database"
  ],
  "content_description": {
    "en": "STRING database version 12.5 (current since September 29, 2026) contains 59'309'604 proteins from 12535 organisms and 28'464'487'749 interactions. Data are freely available under CC BY 4.0.",
    "zh": "STRING数据库12.5版（自2026年9月29日为当前版本）包含来自12535个物种的59'309'604个蛋白质和28'464'487'749项相互作用，依据CC BY 4.0许可提供。"
  },
  "languages": [
    "en"
  ],
  "modalities": [
    "tabular",
    "graph"
  ],
  "size": {
    "raw": "59'309'604 proteins from 12535 organisms",
    "measures": []
  },
  "publisher": "STRING Consortium",
  "year": {
    "value": 2026,
    "raw": "September 29, 2026"
  },
  "license": {
    "legacy_status": "pending",
    "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "commercial_use": "yes",
    "derivatives": "yes",
    "redistribution": "yes",
    "rationale": {
      "en": "all parts permissive; conditions are the union of the parts Material from other resources shown in STRING keeps its own terms: check the exceptions before use.",
      "zh": "各部分均宽松，条件取各部分的并集STRING 收录或显示的其他资源的材料仍受其原提供方条款约束：使用前核对例外。"
    },
    "evidence": [
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "All data and download files in STRING are freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.",
        "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "When using the data, please credit STRING and indicate any changes or additions you made to the data.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "The license covers the following STRING outputs, whether obtained from the website, the APIs or the download files: network images, functional enrichment graphs, tables, data files, individual scores and data points, and screenshots of the STRING website.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Material from other resources that STRING incorporates or displays remains subject to the terms of its original provider.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "No separate permission is needed to publish the STRING outputs listed above.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "The license allows their use in any medium and format, print or digital: in open access (CC BY) and subscription journals, books, theses and presentations, including commercial use.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "The only condition is attribution: please cite STRING (see References ) and indicate if you modified the material.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "STRING outputs may be used in AI applications, such as MCP servers, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), knowledge graphs and agent tools, and for training or evaluating machine learning models.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Derived files, such as indexes, may also be redistributed given clear attribution to STRING.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Please name STRING and its version as the source in the metadata that accompanies the data, so that an agent can tell where the data came from and cite and link to STRING in its answers.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "For trained models, please credit STRING and its version in the model or dataset documentation.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "The STRING name and logo may be reproduced without modification to identify STRING as a data source or tool, for example in figures, workflow or pipeline diagrams and presentations, as long as this does not suggest endorsement by the STRING Consortium.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Please bear in mind that this mechanism should only be used for limited or occasional database access, in order to avoid overloading the server.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      },
      {
        "location": "terms-page",
        "location_detail": {
          "en": "Statement found in snapshot s02 (page)",
          "zh": "在快照 s02（page）中找到的声明"
        },
        "excerpt": "Please do not scrape the HTML page content.",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "observed": "page",
        "captured_by": "pipeline"
      }
    ],
    "license_conditions": [
      "attribution"
    ],
    "license_parts": [
      {
        "name": {
          "en": "main data",
          "zh": "主体数据"
        },
        "spdx": "NOASSERTION",
        "status": "permissive",
        "separable": true,
        "evidence": {
          "excerpt": "When using the data, please credit STRING and indicate any changes or additions you made to the data.",
          "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
          "snapshot_id": "s02"
        }
      },
      {
        "name": {
          "en": "STRING data and download files",
          "zh": "STRING data and download files"
        },
        "spdx": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "status": "permissive",
        "separable": true,
        "license_conditions": [
          "attribution"
        ],
        "evidence": {
          "excerpt": "All data and download files in STRING are freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.",
          "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
          "snapshot_id": "s02"
        }
      }
    ],
    "review": {
      "method": "rules-plus-second-pass-model",
      "method_label": {
        "en": "Judged by public rules and checked a second time before listing.",
        "zh": "按公开规则判定，经二次核对后收录。"
      },
      "readings": [
        {
          "restatement": {
            "en": "all parts permissive; conditions are the union of the parts",
            "zh": "各部分均宽松，条件取各部分的并集"
          },
          "quotes": [
            {
              "excerpt": "All data and download files in STRING are freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access"
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "When using the data, please credit STRING and indicate any changes or additions you made to the data.",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access"
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "The license covers the following STRING outputs, whether obtained from the website, the APIs or the download files: network images, functional enrichment graphs, tables, data files, individual scores and data points, and screenshots of the STRING website.",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access"
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "Material from other resources that STRING incorporates or displays remains subject to the terms of its original provider.",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access"
            }
          ],
          "values": {
            "license_status": "permissive",
            "commercial_use": "yes",
            "derivatives": "yes",
            "redistribution": "yes"
          },
          "source": "rules"
        },
        {
          "restatement": {
            "en": "Second pass: license_status: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 【标准许可误作自定义条款】条款页明写全部数据与下载文件采用 CC BY 4.0，并明说可用于商业用途、可用于 AI 训练、衍生文件可再分发。快照中没有甲类句：\"其他来源的材料仍受原提供方条款约束\"属丙类（设 third_party_rights_notice，不降级，第23条），\"请勿抓取 HTML\"\"限量访问\"属乙类行为义务。按原文应为 permissive（标识 CC-BY-4.0，而非 LicenseRef-STRING-Consortium-terms）；比拟定更宽，按第25条只在原文明示许可时放宽，此处原文明示，交采纳环节放宽，脚本不会自动放宽。 | commercial_use: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示 \"including commercial use\"，唯一条件是署名（乙类）。署名不使商用变成 conditional，按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。",
            "zh": "第二遍复核：license_status: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 【标准许可误作自定义条款】条款页明写全部数据与下载文件采用 CC BY 4.0，并明说可用于商业用途、可用于 AI 训练、衍生文件可再分发。快照中没有甲类句：\"其他来源的材料仍受原提供方条款约束\"属丙类（设 third_party_rights_notice，不降级，第23条），\"请勿抓取 HTML\"\"限量访问\"属乙类行为义务。按原文应为 permissive（标识 CC-BY-4.0，而非 LicenseRef-STRING-Consortium-terms）；比拟定更宽，按第25条只在原文明示许可时放宽，此处原文明示，交采纳环节放宽，脚本不会自动放宽。；commercial_use: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示 \"including commercial use\"，唯一条件是署名（乙类）。署名不使商用变成 conditional，按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。"
          },
          "quotes": [
            {
              "excerpt": "All data and download files in STRING are freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "url": null
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "The license allows their use in any medium and format, print or digital: in open access (CC BY) and subscription journals, books, theses and presentations, including commercial use.",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "url": null
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "Material from other resources that STRING incorporates or displays remains subject to the terms of its original provider.",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "url": null
            },
            {
              "excerpt": "The only condition is attribution: please cite STRING (see References ) and indicate if you modified the material.",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "url": null
            }
          ],
          "values": {
            "license_status": "permissive",
            "commercial_use": "yes",
            "derivatives": "yes",
            "redistribution": "yes"
          },
          "source": "second-pass"
        }
      ],
      "adopted": 0,
      "second_pass": {
        "reviewer": "model-second-pass",
        "reviewed_at": "2026-11-14",
        "overall": "looser-explicit",
        "agreed": false,
        "disagreement": {
          "en": "Second pass: license_status: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 【标准许可误作自定义条款】条款页明写全部数据与下载文件采用 CC BY 4.0，并明说可用于商业用途、可用于 AI 训练、衍生文件可再分发。快照中没有甲类句：\"其他来源的材料仍受原提供方条款约束\"属丙类（设 third_party_rights_notice，不降级，第23条），\"请勿抓取 HTML\"\"限量访问\"属乙类行为义务。按原文应为 permissive（标识 CC-BY-4.0，而非 LicenseRef-STRING-Consortium-terms）；比拟定更宽，按第25条只在原文明示许可时放宽，此处原文明示，交采纳环节放宽，脚本不会自动放宽。 | commercial_use: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示 \"including commercial use\"，唯一条件是署名（乙类）。署名不使商用变成 conditional，按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。",
          "zh": "第二遍复核：license_status: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 【标准许可误作自定义条款】条款页明写全部数据与下载文件采用 CC BY 4.0，并明说可用于商业用途、可用于 AI 训练、衍生文件可再分发。快照中没有甲类句：\"其他来源的材料仍受原提供方条款约束\"属丙类（设 third_party_rights_notice，不降级，第23条），\"请勿抓取 HTML\"\"限量访问\"属乙类行为义务。按原文应为 permissive（标识 CC-BY-4.0，而非 LicenseRef-STRING-Consortium-terms）；比拟定更宽，按第25条只在原文明示许可时放宽，此处原文明示，交采纳环节放宽，脚本不会自动放宽。；commercial_use: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示 \"including commercial use\"，唯一条件是署名（乙类）。署名不使商用变成 conditional，按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。"
        },
        "missed_restrictions": [],
        "routing": []
      }
    },
    "third_party_rights_notice": true,
    "check_exceptions": true
  },
  "license_status": "permissive",
  "hosting": "link-only",
  "hosting_reason": {
    "en": "License permissive, judged by public rules and checked by a second-pass model. Link only.",
    "zh": "许可证状态：permissive，按公开规则判定并经第二遍模型复核。仅链接。"
  },
  "signoff": null,
  "risk_flags": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source_description": null,
    "upstream": []
  },
  "known_issues": [],
  "usage_notes": [
    {
      "kind": "intended-purpose",
      "excerpt": "The license allows their use in any medium and format, print or digital: in open access (CC BY) and subscription journals, books, theses and presentations, including commercial use.",
      "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
      "snapshot_id": "s02"
    },
    {
      "kind": "intended-purpose",
      "excerpt": "Please bear in mind that this mechanism should only be used for limited or occasional database access, in order to avoid overloading the server.",
      "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
      "snapshot_id": "s02"
    },
    {
      "kind": "intended-purpose",
      "excerpt": "Please do not scrape the HTML page content.",
      "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
      "snapshot_id": "s02"
    }
  ],
  "preflight": {
    "status": "not-run"
  },
  "access": {
    "mdexa_download": null,
    "external_urls": [
      "https://string-db.org/",
      "https://string-db.org/cgi/access"
    ],
    "notes": null
  },
  "citation": {
    "text": null,
    "references": []
  },
  "verification_level": "verified",
  "last_verified": "2026-11-14",
  "tags": [
    {
      "facet": "intended_use",
      "value": "evaluation",
      "basis": "author-stated",
      "excerpt": "STRING outputs may be used in AI applications, such as MCP servers, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), knowledge graphs and agent tools, and for training or evaluating machine learning models.",
      "snapshot_id": "s02"
    },
    {
      "facet": "intended_use",
      "value": "retrieval-kb",
      "basis": "inferred",
      "inferred_from": "card-content-description",
      "excerpt": "STRING outputs may be used in AI applications, such as MCP servers, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), knowledge graphs and agent tools, and for training or evaluating machine learning models.",
      "snapshot_id": "s02"
    },
    {
      "facet": "source_type",
      "value": "knowledge-base",
      "basis": "inferred",
      "inferred_from": "snapshot-structure",
      "excerpt": "STRING Database Version History",
      "snapshot_id": "s02"
    }
  ],
  "changelog": [
    {
      "date": "2026-11-14",
      "change": {
        "en": "Listed on 2026-11-14. Judged by public rules and checked a second time before listing. The two passes disagreed; the stricter reading is carried: Second pass: license_status: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 【标准许可误作自定义条款】条款页明写全部数据与下载文件采用 CC BY 4.0，并明说可用于商业用途、可用于 AI 训练、衍生文件可再分发。快照中没有甲类句：\"其他来源的材料仍受原提供方条款约束\"属丙类（设 third_party_rights_notice，不降级，第23条），\"请勿抓取 HTML\"\"限量访问\"属乙类行为义务。按原文应为 permissive（标识 CC-BY-4.0，而非 LicenseRef-STRING-Consortium-terms）；比拟定更宽，按第25条只在原文明示许可时放宽，此处原文明示，交采纳环节放宽，脚本不会自动放宽。 | commercial_use: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示 \"including commercial use\"，唯一条件是署名（乙类）。署名不使商用变成 conditional，按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。",
        "zh": "2026-11-14 上架。按公开规则判定，经二次核对后收录。两遍判定不一致，卡上取较严的读法：第二遍复核：license_status: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 【标准许可误作自定义条款】条款页明写全部数据与下载文件采用 CC BY 4.0，并明说可用于商业用途、可用于 AI 训练、衍生文件可再分发。快照中没有甲类句：\"其他来源的材料仍受原提供方条款约束\"属丙类（设 third_party_rights_notice，不降级，第23条），\"请勿抓取 HTML\"\"限量访问\"属乙类行为义务。按原文应为 permissive（标识 CC-BY-4.0，而非 LicenseRef-STRING-Consortium-terms）；比拟定更宽，按第25条只在原文明示许可时放宽，此处原文明示，交采纳环节放宽，脚本不会自动放宽。；commercial_use: looser by the source's own words (looser-explicit): 原文明示 \"including commercial use\"，唯一条件是署名（乙类）。署名不使商用变成 conditional，按原文应为 yes；比拟定更宽，交采纳环节决定。"
      }
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-11-14",
      "change": {
        "en": "Material from other resources shown in STRING keeps its own terms: check the exceptions before use.",
        "zh": "STRING 收录或显示的其他资源的材料仍受其原提供方条款约束：使用前核对例外。"
      }
    }
  ],
  "practical": {
    "content_scope": {
      "entities": [
        {
          "kind": "protein",
          "count": 59309604,
          "count_as_of": "2026-09-29",
          "statement": {
            "text": {
              "en": "The page lists version 12.5 as current since September 29, 2026, with 59,309,604 proteins from 12,535 organisms and 28,464,487,749 interactions.",
              "zh": "页面列出 12.5 版自 2026 年 9 月 29 日起为当前版本，包含来自 12,535 个物种的 59,309,604 个蛋白质和 28,464,487,749 个相互作用。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "dataset-page",
                "excerpt": "12.5 current: since September 29, 2026 https://string-db.org/ 59'309'604 proteins from 12535 organisms; 28'464'487'749 interactions.",
                "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
                "snapshot_id": "s02",
                "char_start": 182,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "pipeline"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "kind": "protein-protein interaction",
          "count": 28464487749,
          "count_as_of": "2026-09-29",
          "statement": {
            "text": {
              "en": "The entry for version 12.5 lists 28,464,487,749 interactions.",
              "zh": "12.5 版的条目列出 28,464,487,749 个相互作用。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "dataset-page",
                "excerpt": "12.5 current: since September 29, 2026 https://string-db.org/ 59'309'604 proteins from 12535 organisms; 28'464'487'749 interactions.",
                "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
                "snapshot_id": "s02",
                "char_start": 182,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "pipeline"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "coverage": [
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The page asks which databases STRING extracts experimental data from and lists BIND, DIP, GRID, HPRD, IntAct, MINT, and PID.",
            "zh": "页面询问 STRING 从哪些数据库提取实验数据，并列出 BIND、DIP、GRID、HPRD、IntAct、MINT 和 PID。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "Which databases does STRING extract experimental data from? Top &#x2191 BIND, DIP, GRID, HPRD, IntAct, MINT, and PID.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/help/faq/",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "char_start": null,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "pipeline"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The page asks from which databases STRING extracts curated data and lists Biocarta, BioCyc, GO, KEGG, and Reactome.",
            "zh": "页面询问 STRING 从哪些数据库提取人工整理的数据，并列出 Biocarta、BioCyc、GO、KEGG 和 Reactome。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "From which databases does STRING extract curated data? Top &#x2191 Biocarta, BioCyc, GO, KEGG, and Reactome.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/help/faq/",
              "snapshot_id": "s04",
              "char_start": null,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "pipeline"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "identifiers": {
      "schemes": [
        {
          "name": "STRING identifier",
          "bioregistry_prefix": null,
          "applies_to": "proteins",
          "statement": {
            "text": {
              "en": "Common protein names, synonyms and UniProt identifiers are mapped into STRING identifiers.",
              "zh": "常见蛋白质名称、同义词和 UniProt 标识符被映射为 STRING 标识符。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "api-doc",
                "excerpt": "Maps common protein names, synonyms and UniProt identifiers into STRING identifiers",
                "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/",
                "snapshot_id": "s03",
                "char_start": 5242,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "pipeline"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "crosswalks": [
        {
          "to": "UniProt",
          "to_slug": null,
          "statement": {
            "text": {
              "en": "The page states that the STRING API can be called using common gene names, synonyms, or UniProt identifiers and accession numbers.",
              "zh": "页面说明可以使用常见基因名称、同义词或 UniProt 标识符和登录号调用 STRING API。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "api-doc",
                "excerpt": "You can call the STRING API using common gene names, synonyms, or UniProt identifiers and accession numbers.",
                "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/",
                "snapshot_id": "s03",
                "char_start": 9988,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "pipeline"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "to": "NCBI Taxonomy",
          "to_slug": null,
          "statement": {
            "text": {
              "en": "The text states that species is the NCBI/STRING taxon identifier, for example 9606 for human.",
              "zh": "文本说明 species 是 NCBI/STRING 分类群标识符，例如人类为 9606。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "api-doc",
                "excerpt": "species is the NCBI/STRING taxon identifier, for example 9606 for human",
                "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/",
                "snapshot_id": "s03",
                "char_start": 3270,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "pipeline"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      ],
      "mismatch_cases": [],
      "notes": [
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "STRING protein identifiers take the form taxon.ENSP… (e.g. 9606.ENSP00000234798); users map their own identifiers via the alias file or the get_string_ids API.",
            "zh": "STRING 蛋白标识形如 物种号.ENSP…（如 9606.ENSP00000234798）；用户可通过 alias 文件或 get_string_ids 接口映射自有标识。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "You can map your proteins to STRING proteins programmaticaly based on the 'alias' file found in the download section or by using our get string ids API .",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/help/faq/",
              "snapshot_id": "s07",
              "char_start": null,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-14",
              "observed": "page",
              "source_work": {
                "title": "STRING FAQ",
                "authors_or_org": "STRING Consortium (SIB, CPR, EMBL)",
                "date": null,
                "date_as_written": null,
                "source_type": "official-page",
                "open_access": true,
                "doi_or_url": "https://string-db.org/help/faq/"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "STRING stores one protein per gene, usually the longest isoform unless another isoform is regarded as canonical.",
            "zh": "STRING 每个基因只存一个蛋白，通常取最长异构体，除非另有证据表明其他异构体为规范形式。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "If there is more than one isoform per gene, we usually select the longest isoform, unless we have information that suggest that other isoform regarded as cannonical (e.g., proteins in the CCDS database).",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/help/faq/",
              "snapshot_id": "s07",
              "char_start": null,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-14",
              "observed": "page",
              "source_work": {
                "title": "STRING FAQ",
                "authors_or_org": "STRING Consortium (SIB, CPR, EMBL)",
                "date": null,
                "date_as_written": null,
                "source_type": "official-page",
                "open_access": true,
                "doi_or_url": "https://string-db.org/help/faq/"
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "access_methods": [
      {
        "method": "web-api",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/",
        "formats": [
          "tsv",
          "tsv-no-header",
          "json",
          "xml",
          "png",
          "svg"
        ],
        "limits": [
          {
            "text": {
              "en": "The page states that some API methods allow only a limited number of proteins in each query.",
              "zh": "页面说明部分 API 方法在每次查询中只允许有限数量的蛋白质。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "api-doc",
                "excerpt": "some API methods will allow only a limited number of proteins in each query.",
                "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/",
                "snapshot_id": "s03",
                "char_start": 1853,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "pipeline"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": {
              "en": "The page states that the API rejects queries for networks larger than 10 proteins when the organism is not specified.",
              "zh": "页面说明若未指定生物体，API 会拒绝大于 10 个蛋白质的网络查询。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "api-doc",
                "excerpt": "In fact, the API will reject queries for networks larger than 10 proteins without the specified organism.",
                "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/",
                "snapshot_id": "s03",
                "char_start": 9166,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "pipeline"
              }
            ]
          },
          {
            "text": {
              "en": "The page asks users to wait one second between each call so that the server does not get overloaded.",
              "zh": "页面要求用户在每次调用之间等待一秒，以免服务器过载。"
            },
            "evidence": [
              {
                "location": "api-doc",
                "excerpt": "Please be considerate and wait one second between each call, so that our server won't get overloaded.",
                "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/",
                "snapshot_id": "s03",
                "char_start": 8629,
                "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
                "observed": "page",
                "captured_by": "pipeline"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "terms": {
          "same_as_card_license": true,
          "own_terms": null
        },
        "reachable": {
          "status": 200,
          "checked_on": "2026-11-14"
        }
      },
      {
        "method": "web-ui-only",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
        "formats": [],
        "limits": [],
        "terms": {
          "same_as_card_license": true,
          "own_terms": null
        },
        "statement": {
          "text": {
            "en": "All data and download files are under CC BY 4.0.",
            "zh": "所有数据与下载文件采用 CC BY 4.0。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "Licensing All data and download files in STRING are freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
              "snapshot_id": "s05",
              "char_start": null,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-14",
              "observed": "page",
              "source_work": {
                "title": "STRING Access — Licensing",
                "authors_or_org": "STRING Consortium (SIB, CPR, EMBL)",
                "date": null,
                "date_as_written": null,
                "source_type": "official-page",
                "open_access": true,
                "doi_or_url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "reachable": {
          "status": 200,
          "checked_on": "2026-11-14"
        }
      },
      {
        "method": "web-ui-only",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/help/faq/",
        "formats": [],
        "limits": [],
        "terms": {
          "same_as_card_license": true,
          "own_terms": null
        },
        "statement": {
          "text": {
            "en": "KEGG data and text-mining snippets were removed from the PostgreSQL dump for licensing reasons.",
            "zh": "出于许可原因，PostgreSQL 数据库导出中移除了 KEGG 数据与文本挖掘片段。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "Unfortunetly due to licencing issues we had to remove KEGG data and textmining snippets from these SQL tables.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/help/faq/",
              "snapshot_id": "s07",
              "char_start": 6720,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-14",
              "observed": "page",
              "source_work": {
                "title": "STRING FAQ",
                "authors_or_org": "STRING Consortium (SIB, CPR, EMBL)",
                "date": null,
                "date_as_written": null,
                "source_type": "official-page",
                "open_access": true,
                "doi_or_url": "https://string-db.org/help/faq/"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "reachable": {
          "status": 200,
          "checked_on": "2026-11-14"
        }
      }
    ],
    "versioning": {
      "latest": {
        "label": "12.5",
        "released_on": "2026-09-29",
        "statement": {
          "text": {
            "en": "The page lists version 12.5 as current since September 29, 2026.",
            "zh": "页面列出 12.5 版自 2026 年 9 月 29 日起为当前版本。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "12.5 current: since September 29, 2026",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "char_start": 182,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "pipeline"
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "update_cycle": {
        "cycle": "not-stated",
        "statement": null
      },
      "breaking_changes": [],
      "history_url": null,
      "notes": [
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The version-history page lists 12.5 as current since 29 September 2026, with 12.0 served from 26 July 2023 to 29 September 2026.",
            "zh": "版本历史页显示 12.5 自 2026-09-29 起为当前版本，12.0 的服务期为 2023-07-26 至 2026-09-29。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "current: since September 29, 2026",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
              "snapshot_id": "s05",
              "char_start": 250,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-14",
              "observed": "page",
              "source_work": {
                "title": "STRING Database Version History",
                "authors_or_org": "STRING Consortium (SIB, CPR, EMBL)",
                "date": null,
                "date_as_written": null,
                "source_type": "official-page",
                "open_access": true,
                "doi_or_url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The API offers a version call and 'stable' links that redirect to a specific STRING version.",
            "zh": "API 提供版本查询接口，以及会跳转到指定 STRING 版本的“stable”链接。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "Generated link is a \"stable\" one which means it will redirect to the specific STRING version (if not specified with the url prefix, it will link to the current version of STRING).",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/",
              "snapshot_id": "s06",
              "char_start": 23848,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-14",
              "observed": "page",
              "source_work": {
                "title": "STRING API documentation",
                "authors_or_org": "STRING Consortium (SIB, CPR, EMBL)",
                "date": null,
                "date_as_written": null,
                "source_type": "official-page",
                "open_access": true,
                "doi_or_url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/"
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "known_defects": [
      {
        "kind": "identifier",
        "statement": {
          "text": {
            "en": "The page notes that STRING may not always interpret the original inputs correctly, which can lead to errors or inconsistent results.",
            "zh": "页面指出 STRING 可能无法始终正确解释原始输入，从而导致错误或不一致的结果。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "api-doc",
              "excerpt": "Note: STRING may not always interpret the original inputs correctly, which can lead to errors or inconsistent results.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/",
              "snapshot_id": "s03",
              "char_start": 10423,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "pipeline"
            }
          ]
        },
        "source_kind": "official-note",
        "scope": "identifier mapping",
        "attribution": {
          "who": "string-db.org",
          "when": "2026-11-13",
          "source_type": "official-page",
          "title": null
        },
        "correction_entrance": "Report an error through the publisher: https://string-db.org/"
      },
      {
        "kind": "bias",
        "statement": {
          "text": {
            "en": "Blumenthal et al. report that study bias and technical bias in PPI detection suffice to produce the observed power-law degree distributions; they list STRING among the aggregated PPI databases researchers rely on.",
            "zh": "Blumenthal 等报告：PPI 检测中的研究偏倚与技术偏倚足以产生观察到的幂律度分布；文中把 STRING 列为研究者常用的聚合 PPI 数据库之一。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "peer-reviewed-paper",
              "excerpt": "Our findings are supported by mathematical models and extensive simulations, and indicate that study bias and technical bias suffice to produce the observed PL distribution.",
              "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11718653/",
              "snapshot_id": "s09",
              "char_start": 6204,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-14",
              "observed": "page",
              "source_work": {
                "title": "Emergence of power law distributions in protein-protein interaction networks through study bias",
                "authors_or_org": "Blumenthal DB, Lucchetta M, Kleist L, Fekete SP, List M, Schaefer MH (eLife)",
                "date": "2024-12-11",
                "date_as_written": "2024-12-11",
                "source_type": "peer-reviewed-paper",
                "open_access": true,
                "doi_or_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11718653/"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "source_kind": "peer-reviewed-paper",
        "scope": null,
        "attribution": {
          "who": "Blumenthal DB, Lucchetta M, Kleist L, Fekete SP, List M, Schaefer MH (eLife)",
          "when": "2024-12-11",
          "source_type": "peer-reviewed-paper",
          "title": "Emergence of power law distributions in protein-protein interaction networks through study bias"
        },
        "correction_entrance": "Report an error through the publisher or the authors: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11718653/"
      }
    ],
    "fit": {
      "suited_for": [
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The page states that STRING outputs may be used in AI applications such as MCP servers, retrieval-augmented generation, knowledge graphs and agent tools, and for training or evaluating machine learning models.",
            "zh": "页面说明 STRING 输出可用于 AI 应用，例如 MCP 服务器、检索增强生成、知识图谱和代理工具，以及用于训练或评估机器学习模型。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "STRING outputs may be used in AI applications, such as MCP servers, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), knowledge graphs and agent tools, and for training or evaluating machine learning models.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "char_start": 6402,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "pipeline"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The page states that no separate permission is needed to publish the STRING outputs listed above.",
            "zh": "页面说明发布上述 STRING 输出无需单独许可。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "No separate permission is needed to publish the STRING outputs listed above.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "char_start": 5987,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "pipeline"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The page states that the license allows use of the listed outputs in any medium and format, print or digital, in open access and subscription journals, books, theses and presentations, including commercial use.",
            "zh": "页面说明该许可允许以任何媒介和格式（印刷或数字）使用所列输出，涵盖开放获取（CC BY）和订阅期刊、书籍、论文和演示文稿，并包括商业使用。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "The license allows their use in any medium and format, print or digital: in open access (CC BY) and subscription journals, books, theses and presentations, including commercial use.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "char_start": 6064,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "pipeline"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "not_suited_for": [
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The page directs users who need larger amounts of data, such as all interactions in Homo sapiens, to the Download page instead.",
            "zh": "页面指引需要更大量数据的用户（例如人类的所有相互作用）改用下载页面。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "If you need larger amounts of data (such as for example all interactions in Homo sapiens), please use the Download page instead - which is also more efficient.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "char_start": 4475,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "pipeline"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "text": {
            "en": "The page states that the Cytoscape backend API is not yet documented and that it is not intended for use other than the Cytoscape App.",
            "zh": "页面说明 Cytoscape 后端 API 目前尚无文档，其用途不超出 Cytoscape App。"
          },
          "evidence": [
            {
              "location": "dataset-page",
              "excerpt": "To make this work, a separate API serves the data to the corresponding 'App' (plugin) in Cytoscape. At present, this API is not yet documented, and we do not recommend it to be used for anything else than the Cytoscape App.",
              "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access",
              "snapshot_id": "s02",
              "char_start": 3975,
              "verified_on": "2026-11-13",
              "observed": "page",
              "captured_by": "pipeline"
            }
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "commercial_access": {
      "route": "unknown",
      "url": null,
      "statement": null
    },
    "completeness": {
      "core_complete": true,
      "literature_defects": 1,
      "reachable_access": 3,
      "meets_practical_bar": false,
      "gaps": [
        {
          "field": "versioning.update_cycle",
          "note": "未找到有出处的说明 / no sourced statement found"
        },
        {
          "field": "versioning.breaking_changes",
          "note": "未找到有出处的说明 / no sourced statement found"
        },
        {
          "field": "commercial_access",
          "note": "未找到有出处的说明 / no sourced statement found"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "access_recipe": {
    "verified_on": "2026-11-14",
    "latest_release": {
      "version": "12.5",
      "date": "September 29, 2026",
      "evidence": {
        "excerpt": "current: since September 29, 2026",
        "snapshot_id": "s02",
        "url": "https://string-db.org/cgi/access"
      }
    },
    "files": [],
    "api": [
      {
        "name": "get_string_ids",
        "url_template": "https://string-db.org/api/[output-format]/get_string_ids?identifiers=[your_identifiers]&[optional_parameters]",
        "required_params": [
          "identifiers"
        ],
        "example_request": "https://string-db.org/api/tsv/get_string_ids?identifiers=p53%0dcdk2&species=9606",
        "key_response_fields": [
          "queryItem",
          "queryIndex",
          "stringId",
          "ncbiTaxonId",
          "taxonName",
          "preferredName",
          "annotation"
        ],
        "evidence": {
          "excerpt": "https://string-db.org/api/[output-format]/get_string_ids?identifiers=[your_identifiers]&[optional_parameters]",
          "snapshot_id": "s03",
          "url": "https://string-db.org/help/api/"
        }
      }
    ],
    "registration": null,
    "bulk_download": [],
    "gaps": [
      "no direct file address was found on the official pages we hold",
      "the official pages we hold publish no checksum for the files; none was computed (we do not download data files)"
    ],
    "license_note": {
      "license_status": "permissive",
      "text": "Use according to the terms of the official source; this recipe does not say the data can be used freely."
    }
  },
  "_links": {
    "text": "在本库继续查找。本条目是 109 条已处理并核实的记录之一（数据集、数据资源与开源模型）。查找其他条目：调用 `https://mcp.mdexa.com/v1/datasets?q=<关键词>`，或连接 MCP 服务 `https://mcp.mdexa.com/mcp`；每分钟 20 次以内无需密钥。每行返回不到 1 KB；空结果即\"数据库未收录\"。核对一份清单：一次批量核对（免费账号）即返回报告。说明：/agents.md。相似条目：AlphaFold Protein Structure Database (https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/alphafold-db/)；GEO (https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/geo/)；gnomAD (https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/gnomad/)。",
    "records": 109,
    "search": {
      "template": "https://mcp.mdexa.com/v1/datasets?q={words}",
      "example": "https://mcp.mdexa.com/v1/datasets?q=%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E4%BA%B2%E5%92%8C%E5%8A%9B"
    },
    "mcp": "https://mcp.mdexa.com/mcp",
    "anonymous_calls_per_minute": 20,
    "guide": "https://mdexa.com/zh/agents.md",
    "faq": "https://mdexa.com/zh/developers/faq/",
    "similar": [
      {
        "name": "AlphaFold Protein Structure Database",
        "url": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/alphafold-db/",
        "json": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/alphafold-db.json"
      },
      {
        "name": "GEO",
        "url": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/geo/",
        "json": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/geo.json"
      },
      {
        "name": "gnomAD",
        "url": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/gnomad/",
        "json": "https://mdexa.com/zh/datasets/gnomad.json"
      }
    ]
  }
}